قارن الطرق

	بحث الفعل	الملاحظة الصفية
المجال	البحث النوعي	الأساليب الميدانية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1946	1960s (Flanders Interaction Analysis); refined through 1990s–2000s
صاحب الطريقة	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Ned Flanders (systematic interaction analysis); Robert Pianta et al. (CLASS system)
النوع	Method	Qualitative and quantitative observational research
المصدر التأسيسي	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Flanders, N. A. (1970). Analyzing Teaching Behavior. Addison-Wesley.
الأسماء البديلة	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	classroom observation research, structured classroom observation, instructional observation, lesson observation
ذات صلة	1	6
الملخص	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Classroom observation is a field research method in which a trained observer systematically watches, documents, and analyzes teaching and learning events as they occur in a real classroom setting. It can be structured (using a predefined coding instrument such as Flanders Interaction Analysis or CLASS), semi-structured, or open-ended (ethnographic notes), and is used across educational research, teacher professional development, school evaluation, and curriculum studies to generate ecologically valid evidence about instructional practice.