方法证据记录
Ex Post Facto Design
Ex post facto design is a non-experimental quantitative research approach in which the researcher investigates a phenomenon after it has already occurred, examining pre-existing differences between groups to explore potential causal or associative relationships. Because the independent variable cannot be manipulated — it happened in the past — the design relies on careful group selection, retrospective data collection, and statistical controls to approximate causal inference without experimental intervention.
源记录
引文逐字复制自方法源记录。这些引文不代表任何层级的验证。
Ex Post Facto Research Design
分类方法记录 · process-pipeline / research-design
- Kerlinger, F. N. (1964). Foundations of Behavioral Research. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. · URL
- Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally. · ISBN 978-0395307878
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