So sánh phương pháp

	Web Accessibility Evaluation	Universal Design Evaluation
Lĩnh vực	Disability Studies	Disability Studies
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	2008	1998
Người khởi xướng	Ben Caldwell, Michael Cooper, Loretta Guarino Reid & Gregg Vanderheiden (W3C WCAG Working Group)	Molly Follette Story, James L. Mueller & Ronald L. Mace (Center for Universal Design)
Loại	Conformance-assessment pipeline for digital accessibility	Conformance-appraisal pipeline for inclusive design
Công trình gốc	Caldwell, B., Cooper, M., Reid, L. G., & Vanderheiden, G. (2008). Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0. W3C Recommendation.	Story, M. F., Mueller, J. L., & Mace, R. L. (1998). The Universal Design File: Designing for People of All Ages and Abilities. Raleigh, NC: Center for Universal Design, NC State University.
Tên gọi khác	WCAG Conformance Evaluation, Digital Accessibility Assessment, Web Content Accessibility Review, POUR Conformance Audit	Seven Principles Evaluation, Inclusive Design Appraisal, Design-for-All Assessment, Universal Usability Review
Liên quan	2	2
Tóm tắt	Web accessibility evaluation assesses how well digital content conforms to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines so that it can be used by people with a wide range of disabilities. WCAG 2.0, published as a W3C Recommendation in 2008 by Caldwell, Cooper, Reid, and Vanderheiden, organizes requirements under four principles—content must be Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, and Robust (POUR)—each broken into testable success criteria graded at conformance levels A, AA, and AAA. A rigorous evaluation combines three complementary methods: automated tools that scan for machine-detectable issues, manual expert inspection against the success criteria, and testing with assistive technologies such as screen readers and keyboard-only navigation. The evaluation determines whether the content satisfies all success criteria up to a target level and yields a conformance claim. Because no single method catches every barrier, the strength of the assessment lies in layering all three.	Universal design evaluation appraises products, environments, and systems against the seven principles of universal design so that they are usable by the widest possible range of people without the need for adaptation or specialized design. The framework was codified in 1998 by Molly Follette Story, James Mueller, and Ronald Mace at the Center for Universal Design, who paired each principle with concrete guidelines and performance-measure checklists. Rather than retrofitting accommodations for a presumed average user, the method treats the full spectrum of human ability, age, size, and circumstance as the design target from the outset. Evaluation proceeds by specifying that user range, checking the design against the seven principles, observing diverse users in realistic tasks, and rating conformance principle by principle. The result is a prioritized set of design revisions that move a product toward inclusive, equitable use.