So sánh phương pháp

	Stepwise Migration Analysis	Chain Migration Mapping
Lĩnh vực	Migration Studies	Migration Studies
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1980	1964
Người khởi xướng	David Conway (clarifying Ravenstein's step-migration idea)	John S. MacDonald & Leatrice D. MacDonald; Douglas S. Massey
Loại	Framework and sequence-reconstruction design for staged migration	Network-tracing pipeline for serial sponsored migration
Công trình gốc	Conway, D. (1980). Step-Wise Migration: Toward a Clarification of the Mechanism. International Migration Review, 14(1), 3-14.	MacDonald, J. S., & MacDonald, L. D. (1964). Chain Migration, Ethnic Neighborhood Formation and Social Networks. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 42(1), 82-97.
Tên gọi khác	Step Migration Analysis, Stage Migration Analysis, Hierarchical Settlement Progression, Staged Migration Sequencing	Chain Migration Analysis, Kin and Paesani Chain Tracing, Serial Migration Mapping, Sponsorship Chain Reconstruction
Liên quan	3	3
Tóm tắt	Stepwise migration analysis examines whether migrants reach their eventual destination in a single leap or by climbing the settlement hierarchy in stages — village to town, town to regional city, city to metropolis. The idea traces to Ravenstein's nineteenth-century 'laws of migration,' but it was David Conway who, in his 1980 International Migration Review article, clarified what the step-wise mechanism actually claims and how it should be studied, arguing that researchers must reconstruct the sequence of moves and identify the conditions prompting each step rather than merely observing that migrants end up in big cities. The analysis is fundamentally a research-design and sequencing exercise: places are ranked on a settlement hierarchy, individuals' migration histories are turned into trajectories of ranks, and those trajectories are classified as genuinely step-wise progressions or as direct moves that skip levels. Explaining why a migrant takes the next step upward draws on the broader migration mechanisms synthesized by Massey and colleagues in 1993 — information, social networks, accumulated resources, and opportunity structures — which together determine whether a stay at one rung is a stepping stone to the next. The framework remains the standard lens for studying staged rural-to-urban and internal migration.	Chain migration mapping reconstructs the social mechanism by which one migrant's move triggers many others, tracing the kin, friend, and paesani ties along which earlier arrivals recruit and sponsor later ones into the same destination. John and Leatrice MacDonald's 1964 study of Italian migration to the United States gave the process its classic name, showing how chains of personal sponsorship channel newcomers into specific neighborhoods and produce the dense ethnic enclaves that dot immigrant cities. The method treats migration not as independent decisions by isolated individuals but as a self-feeding network in which each settler lowers the cost and risk of moving for those still at home. Douglas Massey's 1990 theory of cumulative causation formalized why such chains accelerate over time, as every new migrant expands the web of contacts that makes the next move easier. Mapping a chain therefore means building the directed sponsorship graph, ordering it by arrival time, and clustering it at the destination to reveal how neighborhoods crystallize. The result is both a descriptive map of who brought whom and an explanatory account of why migration streams persist and concentrate.