So sánh phương pháp

	Spatial Counterfactual Impact Evaluation	Phương pháp Biến Công cụ (IV) cho Suy luận Nhân quả
Lĩnh vực	Suy luận nhân quả	Kinh tế học y tế
Họ	Regression model	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	2010s	1990s (modern applications)
Người khởi xướng	Cerqua, Pellegrini, and regional-science scholars building on counterfactual econometrics	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
Loại	Quasi-experimental / causal inference	Method
Công trình gốc	Cerqua, A., & Pellegrini, G. (2014). Do subsidies to private capital boost firms' growth? A multiple regression discontinuity design approach. Journal of Public Economics, 109, 114-126.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Tên gọi khác	SCIE, spatial CIE, place-based counterfactual evaluation, regional counterfactual analysis	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
Liên quan	5	3
Tóm tắt	Spatial Counterfactual Impact Evaluation (SCIE) is a family of quasi-experimental methods that estimate the causal effect of geographically targeted policies — such as EU Cohesion Funds, enterprise zones, or place-based subsidies — by constructing a spatial counterfactual: what outcomes the treated region would have experienced without the intervention, inferred from comparable untreated regions or from discontinuities at policy boundaries.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.