So sánh phương pháp

	Nghiên cứu giai đoạn IV có điều chỉnh rủi ro	Ghép cặp điểm xu hướng
Lĩnh vực	Dịch tễ học	Thống kê nghiên cứu
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1990s–2000s (formalized with ICH E2E and EMA PASS guidelines)	1983
Người khởi xướng	Regulatory and pharmacoepidemiology community (ICH, EMA, FDA frameworks)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
Loại	Observational / quasi-experimental clinical study design	Method
Công trình gốc	Strom, B. L. (Ed.). (2005). Pharmacoepidemiology (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978-0470863107	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
Tên gọi khác	risk-adjusted post-marketing surveillance study, adjusted Phase IV trial, risk-stratified post-authorization study, PASS with risk adjustment	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
Liên quan	3	3
Tóm tắt	A risk-adjusted Phase IV study is an observational or semi-experimental post-marketing study conducted after a drug or device has received regulatory approval. It uses statistical risk-adjustment techniques — such as propensity score matching, inverse probability weighting, or multivariable regression — to control for confounding by indication and baseline patient differences, thereby producing more credible safety, effectiveness, and utilization estimates than unadjusted real-world analyses.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.