So sánh phương pháp

	Nghiên cứu dịch tễ học cắt ngang điều chỉnh theo nguy cơ	Thiết kế Nghiên cứu Trường hợp-Đối chứng
Lĩnh vực	Dịch tễ học	Dịch tễ học
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1990s (risk-adjustment integration); cross-sectional design foundational since mid-20th century	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s
Người khởi xướng	Rooted in classical cross-sectional epidemiology (Doll, Hill, Lilienfeld); risk-adjustment formalization attributed to Lisa Iezzoni and colleagues in health outcomes research (1990s)	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s
Loại	Observational epidemiological design with statistical adjustment	Observational analytic study design
Công trình gốc	Kelsey, J. L., Whittemore, A. S., Evans, A. S., & Thompson, W. D. (1996). Methods in Observational Epidemiology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195083385	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860
Tên gọi khác	risk-adjusted cross-sectional survey, case-mix adjusted cross-sectional study, standardized cross-sectional analysis, adjusted prevalence study	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis
Liên quan	4	6
Tóm tắt	A risk-adjusted cross-sectional epidemiological study measures the prevalence of health outcomes or exposures in a defined population at a single point in time, then applies statistical risk-adjustment methods — such as regression standardization, direct or indirect standardization, or propensity scoring — to remove the distorting influence of differences in patient case-mix across comparison groups. The approach is widely used in health services research, comparative effectiveness, and clinical quality assessment.	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.