So sánh phương pháp

	Psychological Continuum Model	Sport Spectator Identification Scale
Lĩnh vực	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
Họ	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
Năm ra đời	2001	1993
Người khởi xướng	Daniel C. Funk & Jeff James	Daniel L. Wann & Nyla R. Branscombe
Loại	Staged conceptual framework for psychological connection to sport	Single-factor self-report psychometric scale
Công trình gốc	Funk, D. C., & James, J. (2001). The Psychological Continuum Model: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding an Individual's Psychological Connection to Sport. Sport Management Review, 4(2), 119-150.	Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1993). Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with their team. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24(1), 1-17.
Tên gọi khác	PCM, Sport Connection Continuum, Funk-James Continuum, Stages of Sport Fan Development	SSIS, Sport Spectator Identification, Team Identification Scale
Liên quan	4	3
Tóm tắt	The Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) is a conceptual framework, introduced by Daniel Funk and Jeff James in 2001, that organizes an individual's psychological connection to a sport, team, or activity along a vertical hierarchy of four stages: awareness, attraction, attachment, and allegiance. Rather than treating fans as either involved or not, the PCM describes how connection deepens as sport-related mental associations grow more numerous, stronger, and more resistant to change. At awareness an individual simply knows a sport or team exists; at attraction they develop a preference driven by hedonic and dispositional needs; at attachment the object becomes internalized and meaningful to the self; and at allegiance the connection is durable, biased, and resistant to counter-persuasion. Funk and James later elaborated the meaning of attachment and how it converts into loyal allegiance, making the PCM a foundational organizing theory for sport consumer behavior research.	The Sport Spectator Identification Scale (SSIS) is a seven-item self-report measure of how strongly a fan psychologically identifies with a particular sports team. Daniel Wann and Nyla Branscombe introduced it in 1993 in the International Journal of Sport Psychology, grounding it in social identity theory: a fan who identifies with a team incorporates that team into the self, so the team's successes and failures are experienced as the fan's own. The scale asks respondents, with reference to a team they name, how important it is that the team wins, how strongly they see themselves as fans, how closely they follow the team, and related questions, each rated on an eight-point Likert format and summed into a single identification score. Because team identification predicts a wide range of fan behaviors and well-being outcomes, the SSIS became the standard short instrument for measuring it and the workhorse of decades of sport fan research.