So sánh phương pháp

	Psychological Continuum Model	Sport Commitment Model
Lĩnh vực	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
Họ	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
Năm ra đời	2001	1993
Người khởi xướng	Daniel C. Funk & Jeff James	Tara Scanlan and colleagues
Loại	Staged conceptual framework for psychological connection to sport	Latent-variable model of the determinants of sport commitment
Công trình gốc	Funk, D. C., & James, J. (2001). The Psychological Continuum Model: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding an Individual's Psychological Connection to Sport. Sport Management Review, 4(2), 119-150.	Scanlan, T. K., Carpenter, P. J., Schmidt, G. W., Simons, J. P., & Keeler, B. (1993). An Introduction to the Sport Commitment Model. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 1-15.
Tên gọi khác	PCM, Sport Connection Continuum, Funk-James Continuum, Stages of Sport Fan Development	SCM, Scanlan Sport Commitment Model, Sport Commitment Questionnaire, Model of Commitment to Sport
Liên quan	4	3
Tóm tắt	The Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) is a conceptual framework, introduced by Daniel Funk and Jeff James in 2001, that organizes an individual's psychological connection to a sport, team, or activity along a vertical hierarchy of four stages: awareness, attraction, attachment, and allegiance. Rather than treating fans as either involved or not, the PCM describes how connection deepens as sport-related mental associations grow more numerous, stronger, and more resistant to change. At awareness an individual simply knows a sport or team exists; at attraction they develop a preference driven by hedonic and dispositional needs; at attachment the object becomes internalized and meaningful to the self; and at allegiance the connection is durable, biased, and resistant to counter-persuasion. Funk and James later elaborated the meaning of attachment and how it converts into loyal allegiance, making the PCM a foundational organizing theory for sport consumer behavior research.	The Sport Commitment Model explains why people keep participating in a sport by treating commitment as a psychological state -- the desire and resolve to continue -- that is produced by a small set of measurable determinants. Introduced by Tara Scanlan and colleagues in 1993, the model proposes that commitment rises with sport enjoyment, personal investments, involvement opportunities, and social constraints, and falls as attractive alternatives to involvement increase. Each determinant is a latent factor measured by self-report items, and commitment itself is a latent outcome predicted by their combination, making the model a structural account of motivation that can be tested with questionnaires and structural equation modelling. Because commitment in turn predicts persistence, the model links the psychology of why athletes stay engaged to the behavior of actually continuing to take part.