So sánh phương pháp

	Protective Action Decision Model	Pressure and Release Model
Lĩnh vực	Disaster Studies	Disaster Studies
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	2012	1994
Người khởi xướng	Michael K. Lindell & Ronald W. Perry	Ben Wisner, Piers Blaikie, Terry Cannon & Ian Davis
Loại	Stage-based behavioral decision framework for protective action under threat	Causal-chain framework for the social production of disaster vulnerability
Công trình gốc	Lindell, M. K., & Perry, R. W. (2012). The Protective Action Decision Model: Theoretical Modifications and Additional Evidence. Risk Analysis, 32(4), 616-632.	Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., & Davis, I. (2004). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 9780415252164
Tên gọi khác	PADM, Protective Action Decision-Making Model, Warning Response Decision Model	PAR Model, Pressure and Release Framework, Crunch Model
Liên quan	3	3
Tóm tắt	The Protective Action Decision Model (PADM), developed by Michael Lindell and Ronald Perry, is a multistage behavioral framework explaining how people at risk decide whether and how to protect themselves when warned of an environmental hazard. Synthesizing decades of disaster warning-response research, PADM traces a chain from environmental and social cues and warning messages, through predecisional processes of exposure, attention, and comprehension, to three core perceptions — of the threat, of the candidate protective actions, and of the social stakeholders involved. These perceptions drive a structured decision sequence — identifying the risk, assessing it, searching for and evaluating protective actions, and selecting a response — that, together with situational facilitators and impediments, determines the behavioral outcome. The 2012 statement refined the model and connected it to applications including risk communication design, hazard-adjustment adoption, and evacuation modeling.	The Pressure and Release model (PAR), developed by Ben Wisner, Piers Blaikie, Terry Cannon, and Ian Davis in their book At Risk, is the foundational framework for analyzing disasters as socially produced rather than purely natural events. It conceptualizes a disaster as the intersection of two opposing forces: a natural hazard on one side and, on the other, a progression of vulnerability that builds from deep root causes through dynamic pressures into concrete unsafe conditions. The metaphor is a nutcracker or 'crunch': the hazard squeezes a population whose vulnerability has been progressively constructed by political, economic, and social processes. Risk is expressed as the product of hazard and vulnerability, and the model's hopeful corollary — the 'release' — is that reducing risk means tracing the chain backward and relieving the pressures, addressing unsafe conditions, dynamic pressures, and ultimately root causes.