So sánh phương pháp

	Thử nghiệm lâm sàng ngẫu nhiên có đối chứng tiến cứu	Thử nghiệm lâm sàng ngẫu nhiên thực dụng
Lĩnh vực	Dịch tễ học	Dịch tễ học
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1948 (landmark MRC streptomycin trial)	1967
Người khởi xướng	Austin Bradford Hill / Medical Research Council	Daniel Schwartz & Joseph Lellouch
Loại	Experimental / interventional study design	Interventional study design
Công trình gốc	Medical Research Council (1948). Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a Medical Research Council investigation. British Medical Journal, 2(4582), 769–782.	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.
Tên gọi khác	Prospective RCT, randomized controlled trial, RCT, controlled clinical trial	pragmatic RCT, effectiveness trial, real-world RCT, practical clinical trial
Liên quan	5	6
Tóm tắt	A prospective randomized clinical trial (RCT) is an experimental study in which participants are assigned to intervention or control groups by chance before any outcomes are observed, then followed forward in time. Random allocation eliminates systematic selection bias, making this design the gold standard for establishing causal efficacy of treatments in medicine and clinical research.	A pragmatic randomized clinical trial (pragmatic RCT) is an interventional study that tests whether a treatment works under routine clinical conditions, as opposed to the tightly controlled setting of an explanatory trial. It prioritizes broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and patient-relevant outcomes to answer the question 'Does this treatment work in everyday practice?' rather than 'Can this treatment work under ideal circumstances?' The distinction between pragmatic and explanatory trials was formally articulated by Schwartz and Lellouch in 1967 and operationalized by the PRECIS tool in 2009.