So sánh phương pháp

	Thử nghiệm đối chứng ngẫu nhiên thực dụng	Thử nghiệm đối chứng ngẫu nhiên thích ứng
Lĩnh vực	Thiết kế thí nghiệm	Thiết kế thí nghiệm
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1967	1980s–2000s (formalized; earlier sequential testing roots from Wald, 1947)
Người khởi xướng	Daniel Schwartz and Joseph Lellouch	Donald Berry and others; foundational adaptive trial methods developed through 1980s–2000s biostatistics literature
Loại	Experimental design — pragmatic trial	Experimental design — adaptive variant of RCT
Công trình gốc	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Chow, S.-C., & Chang, M. (2008). Adaptive Design Methods in Clinical Trials. Chapman & Hall/CRC. ISBN: 978-1584887690
Tên gọi khác	pRCT, pragmatic trial, practical clinical trial, real-world RCT	Adaptive RCT, Response-adaptive RCT, Adaptive clinical trial, Platform trial
Liên quan	4	6
Tóm tắt	A pragmatic randomized controlled trial (pRCT) tests whether an intervention works under ordinary, real-world conditions — broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and routine care settings. Participants are still randomly assigned to treatment or control, preserving causal inference, but the study is designed to reflect the diversity and variability of actual practice rather than the ideal conditions of an explanatory trial. The defining framework is the PRECIS-2 tool, which maps any RCT along nine pragmatic-to-explanatory dimensions.	An adaptive randomized controlled trial (adaptive RCT) is an experimental design in which pre-specified rules allow modifications to the trial while it is ongoing — such as changing allocation ratios, dropping underperforming arms, or stopping early for efficacy or futility — based on accumulating interim data. These adaptations are planned before the trial starts and governed by statistical rules to preserve Type I error control and validity.