So sánh phương pháp

	Nghiên cứu trường hợp-đối chứng lồng ghép thực dụng	Nghiên cứu trường hợp-đối chứng lồng ghép hồi cứu
Lĩnh vực	Dịch tễ học	Dịch tễ học
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1977 (nested case-control); pragmatic variant emerged in real-world evidence research from 1990s onwards	1973 (formal description); widely adopted in epidemiology from 1980s onward
Người khởi xướng	Duncan Thomas (nested case-control); pragmatic design concept from Schwartz & Lellouch (1967)	Nested case-control formalized by Mantel (1973); retrospective application via historical cohort records
Loại	Observational epidemiological study design	Observational analytic study design
Công trình gốc	Thomas, D. C. (1977). Addendum to: Methods of cohort analysis: Appraisal by application to asbestos mining. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 140(4), 469–491.	Mantel, N. (1973). Synthetic retrospective studies and related topics. Biometrics, 29(3), 479–486.
Tên gọi khác	real-world nested case-control, pragmatic NCC, nested case-control in routine data, real-world evidence nested case-control	retrospective NCC, nested case-control within retrospective cohort, case-control nested in historical cohort, nested CCR
Liên quan	5	5
Tóm tắt	A pragmatic nested case-control study embeds a case-control analysis within a pre-existing real-world cohort — typically drawn from electronic health records, administrative claims, or disease registries — to examine associations between exposures and outcomes under routine clinical conditions. Controls are sampled from the risk set (those still at risk at the time each case occurs), preserving temporal sequence while dramatically reducing data-collection costs compared with a full cohort analysis.	A retrospective nested case-control study is an efficient observational design in which cases and matched controls are sampled from within an already-assembled retrospective cohort. Exposure data are retrieved from historical records only for selected participants, dramatically reducing data-collection costs while retaining most of the analytic power of the full cohort. It is widely used in pharmacoepidemiology, occupational health, and disease-registry research.