So sánh phương pháp

	Nghiên cứu trường hợp-đối chứng lồng ghép thực dụng	Thử nghiệm lâm sàng ngẫu nhiên thực dụng
Lĩnh vực	Dịch tễ học	Dịch tễ học
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1977 (nested case-control); pragmatic variant emerged in real-world evidence research from 1990s onwards	1967
Người khởi xướng	Duncan Thomas (nested case-control); pragmatic design concept from Schwartz & Lellouch (1967)	Daniel Schwartz & Joseph Lellouch
Loại	Observational epidemiological study design	Interventional study design
Công trình gốc	Thomas, D. C. (1977). Addendum to: Methods of cohort analysis: Appraisal by application to asbestos mining. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 140(4), 469–491.	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.
Tên gọi khác	real-world nested case-control, pragmatic NCC, nested case-control in routine data, real-world evidence nested case-control	pragmatic RCT, effectiveness trial, real-world RCT, practical clinical trial
Liên quan	5	6
Tóm tắt	A pragmatic nested case-control study embeds a case-control analysis within a pre-existing real-world cohort — typically drawn from electronic health records, administrative claims, or disease registries — to examine associations between exposures and outcomes under routine clinical conditions. Controls are sampled from the risk set (those still at risk at the time each case occurs), preserving temporal sequence while dramatically reducing data-collection costs compared with a full cohort analysis.	A pragmatic randomized clinical trial (pragmatic RCT) is an interventional study that tests whether a treatment works under routine clinical conditions, as opposed to the tightly controlled setting of an explanatory trial. It prioritizes broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and patient-relevant outcomes to answer the question 'Does this treatment work in everyday practice?' rather than 'Can this treatment work under ideal circumstances?' The distinction between pragmatic and explanatory trials was formally articulated by Schwartz and Lellouch in 1967 and operationalized by the PRECIS tool in 2009.