So sánh phương pháp

	Thí nghiệm Đa Cánh Thực dụng	Thử nghiệm đối chứng ngẫu nhiên thực dụng
Lĩnh vực	Thiết kế thí nghiệm	Thiết kế thí nghiệm
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1967 (pragmatic trial concept); multi-arm extensions 1990s–2000s	1967
Người khởi xướng	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); extended to multi-arm settings in clinical and health services research	Daniel Schwartz and Joseph Lellouch
Loại	Experimental design	Experimental design — pragmatic trial
Công trình gốc	Thorpe, K. E., Zwarenstein, M., Oxman, A. D., Treweek, S., Furberg, C. D., Altman, D. G., ... & Chalkidou, K. (2009). A pragmatic-explanatory continuum indicator summary (PRECIS): a tool to help trial designers. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62(5), 464-475.	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.
Tên gọi khác	pragmatic multi-arm trial, multi-arm pragmatic RCT, pragmatic multi-treatment experiment, PMAT	pRCT, pragmatic trial, practical clinical trial, real-world RCT
Liên quan	6	4
Tóm tắt	A pragmatic multi-arm experiment is an experimental design that simultaneously compares three or more interventions (arms) under real-world conditions rather than tightly controlled laboratory settings. It combines the broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and effectiveness orientation of pragmatic trials with the statistical efficiency of multi-arm structures, allowing researchers to evaluate multiple treatments or treatment variants against each other or a control within a single study, minimizing the resources and time required relative to running separate pairwise trials.	A pragmatic randomized controlled trial (pRCT) tests whether an intervention works under ordinary, real-world conditions — broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and routine care settings. Participants are still randomly assigned to treatment or control, preserving causal inference, but the study is designed to reflect the diversity and variability of actual practice rather than the ideal conditions of an explanatory trial. The defining framework is the PRECIS-2 tool, which maps any RCT along nine pragmatic-to-explanatory dimensions.