So sánh phương pháp

	Thiết kế thực nghiệm nhóm đối chứng thực dụng	Thử nghiệm kiểm soát ngẫu nhiên theo cụm
Lĩnh vực	Thiết kế thí nghiệm	Thiết kế thí nghiệm
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1967 (seminal distinction); 2009 (PRECIS operationalization)	1978–1980s
Người khởi xướng	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic vs explanatory distinction); extended by PRECIS framework (Thorpe et al.)	Cornfield (1978); systematised by Donner and colleagues (1980s)
Loại	Experimental design (pragmatic variant)	Experimental design
Công trình gốc	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Donner, A., & Klar, N. (2000). Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research. Arnold. ISBN: 978-0340652978
Tên gọi khác	pragmatic controlled trial, effectiveness trial with control group, real-world control group design, pragmatic comparative design	cluster RCT, group-randomized trial, community randomized trial, cluster-randomized experiment
Liên quan	6	4
Tóm tắt	A pragmatic control group experimental design tests whether an intervention works under routine, real-world conditions by comparing it against a control condition — typically usual care or an active comparator — rather than a tightly controlled placebo. It prioritises external validity and applicability over the internal purity of an explanatory efficacy trial, asking whether an intervention makes a meaningful difference to people as they are actually treated in practice.	A cluster randomized controlled trial (cluster RCT) is an experimental design in which intact social or organisational groups — such as schools, clinics, villages, or workplaces — are randomly assigned to treatment conditions rather than individual participants. Outcomes are still measured at the individual level, but the unit of randomization is the cluster. This design is essential when an intervention is delivered to whole groups, when there is a risk of contamination between participants in the same setting, or when individual randomization is logistically or ethically impractical.