So sánh phương pháp

	Thang đo Hiệu lực Chính trị	Thang đo Mức độ Tham gia Chính trị	Thang đo Lòng tin Chính trị
Lĩnh vực	Tâm lý học chính trị	Tâm lý học chính trị	Tâm lý học chính trị
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1969	1995	1974
Người khởi xướng	Richard Niemi, Steven Craig, Albert Bandura	Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman, Henry Brady	Arthur H. Miller
Loại	Self-report	Self-report	Self-report
Công trình gốc	Niemi, R. G., Craig, S. C., & Mattei, F. (1991). Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 National Election Study. American Political Science Review, 85(4), 1407-1413.	Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.	Miller, A. H. (1974). Political issues and trust in government: 1964-1970. American Political Science Review, 68(3), 951-972.
Tên gọi khác	Political Efficacy, Internal Efficacy, External Efficacy	PPCS, Civic Participation Measure, Political Activity Scale	PTS, Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) Trust Module
Liên quan	3	3	3
Tóm tắt	Political efficacy measures sense of personal agency and power in the political system, encompassing both internal efficacy (belief in own political competence and understanding) and external efficacy (belief that the political system is responsive to citizen input). Rooted in Bandura's self-efficacy theory (1977) and developed for political contexts by Niemi, Craig, and colleagues (1969 onwards), the measure explains why some citizens feel empowered to engage in politics while others feel powerless. High-efficacy citizens are substantially more likely to participate, contact representatives, and vote; low-efficacy citizens withdraw from politics and are susceptible to anti-democratic appeals.	The Political Participation Scale measures engagement in civic and political activities, encompassing voting, campaign involvement, contacting officials, organizational membership, community volunteering, and protest activity. Developed by Verba, Schlozman, and Brady (1995), the measure captures both conventional participation (voting, contacting representatives) and unconventional participation (protest, civil disobedience). It addresses fundamental questions in political science: Why do some citizens engage while others withdraw? How do structural resources (time, money, education) and psychological factors (efficacy, interest) drive participation?	The Political Trust Scale measures citizen confidence in government institutions, elected officials, and the political system's responsiveness and fairness. Pioneered by Miller (1974) and operationalized across comparative electoral studies (CSES Module 5), the scale captures both diffuse trust (in the political system generally) and specific trust (in particular institutions such as parliament or the executive). It is central to understanding democratic legitimacy, political engagement, and support for democratic institutions.