So sánh phương pháp

	Points of Attachment Index	Psychological Continuum Model
Lĩnh vực	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
Họ	Latent structure	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	2003	2001
Người khởi xướng	Galen T. Trail, Matthew J. Robinson, Ronald J. Dick & Andrew J. Gillentine	Daniel C. Funk & Jeff James
Loại	Multidimensional latent-construct measurement scale	Staged conceptual framework for psychological connection to sport
Công trình gốc	Trail, G. T., Robinson, M. J., Dick, R. J., & Gillentine, A. J. (2003). Motives and Points of Attachment: Fans Versus Spectators in Intercollegiate Athletics. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(4), 217-227.	Funk, D. C., & James, J. (2001). The Psychological Continuum Model: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding an Individual's Psychological Connection to Sport. Sport Management Review, 4(2), 119-150.
Tên gọi khác	PAI, Points of Attachment Scale, Multidimensional Sport Attachment Measure, Trail Points of Attachment	PCM, Sport Connection Continuum, Funk-James Continuum, Stages of Sport Fan Development
Liên quan	4	4
Tóm tắt	The Points of Attachment Index (PAI) is a multidimensional measurement instrument, developed by Galen Trail, Matthew Robinson, Ronald Dick, and Andrew Gillentine in 2003, that captures the several distinct objects to which sport fans become psychologically attached. Where earlier work treated fan identification as attachment to the team alone, the PAI recognizes that an individual may identify with the players, the coach, the surrounding community, the sport itself, the university or organization, and the level of sport, in addition to the team. Each of these objects is measured as a separate reflective latent factor through multi-item survey scales and validated with confirmatory factor analysis. Robinson and Trail's 2005 study extended the index, showing how these points of attachment relate to spectator motives, gender, and sport preference, and how they differentially predict attendance, loyalty, and consumption behavior.	The Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) is a conceptual framework, introduced by Daniel Funk and Jeff James in 2001, that organizes an individual's psychological connection to a sport, team, or activity along a vertical hierarchy of four stages: awareness, attraction, attachment, and allegiance. Rather than treating fans as either involved or not, the PCM describes how connection deepens as sport-related mental associations grow more numerous, stronger, and more resistant to change. At awareness an individual simply knows a sport or team exists; at attraction they develop a preference driven by hedonic and dispositional needs; at attachment the object becomes internalized and meaningful to the self; and at allegiance the connection is durable, biased, and resistant to counter-persuasion. Funk and James later elaborated the meaning of attachment and how it converts into loyal allegiance, making the PCM a foundational organizing theory for sport consumer behavior research.