So sánh phương pháp

	Mô hình Tín dụng Bộ phận (PCM / GPCM)	Phân tích Chức năng Mục khác biệt (DIF)
Lĩnh vực	Trắc lượng tâm lý	Trắc lượng tâm lý
Họ	Latent structure	Latent structure
Năm ra đời	1982	1988
Người khởi xướng	Geoff N. Masters (PCM, 1982); Eiji Muraki (GPCM, 1992)	Paul W. Holland & Dorothy T. Thayer (Mantel-Haenszel approach, 1988)
Loại	Item Response Theory / Polytomous IRT	Item-level fairness / measurement equivalence analysis
Công trình gốc	Masters, G. N. (1982). A Rasch model for partial credit scoring. Psychometrika, 47(2), 149–174.	Holland, P. W. & Thayer, D. T. (1988). Differential Item Performance and the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure. ETS Research Report Series.
Tên gọi khác	Kısmi Kredi Modeli (PCM / GPCM), Generalized Partial Credit Model, GPCM, PCM	Madde Yanlılık Analizi (DIF — Differential Item Functioning), item bias analysis, Mantel-Haenszel DIF, Lord chi-square DIF
Liên quan	5	4
Tóm tắt	The Partial Credit Model is an extension of the Rasch measurement framework designed for ordered polytomous items — items whose responses fall into more than two ordered categories, such as partial-credit tasks in performance assessment or open-ended scoring rubrics. Proposed by Geoff Masters in 1982 and later generalised by Eiji Muraki in 1992, the model estimates a separate threshold (step) parameter for each adjacent-category transition within every item, allowing fine-grained calibration of how much each additional credit level contributes to locating a person on the latent trait.	Differential Item Functioning analysis examines whether examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — who have the same underlying ability respond differently to a test item. First formalised by Holland and Thayer in 1988 via the Mantel-Haenszel procedure, it is the principal tool in modern test development for detecting and removing item bias.