So sánh phương pháp

	Thiết kế Ex Post Facto dựa trên Bảng	Thiết kế Ex Post Facto
Lĩnh vực	Thiết kế nghiên cứu	Thiết kế nghiên cứu
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1950s–1970s (synthesized from ex post facto tradition and panel survey research)	1960s (systematic codification); concept used in social science from early 20th century
Người khởi xướng	Developed from Kerlinger's ex post facto framework combined with panel survey methodology (Lazarsfeld, Kerlinger)	Formalized by Fred N. Kerlinger; foundational treatment by Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley
Loại	Non-experimental longitudinal observational design	Non-experimental quantitative research design
Công trình gốc	Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of Behavioral Research (3rd ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030417511	Kerlinger, F. N. (1964). Foundations of Behavioral Research. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Tên gọi khác	panel ex post facto study, longitudinal causal-comparative design, retrospective panel design, panel causal-comparative study	after-the-fact research, retrospective non-experimental design, causal-comparative design, EPF design
Liên quan	2	3
Tóm tắt	A panel-based ex post facto design tracks the same group of participants across multiple time points to examine how pre-existing differences in an independent variable — one the researcher did not manipulate — are associated with changes in an outcome over time. It merges the temporal depth of panel methodology with the causal-comparative logic of ex post facto research, enabling stronger causal inference than a single cross-sectional snapshot while remaining fully non-experimental.	Ex post facto design is a non-experimental quantitative research approach in which the researcher investigates a phenomenon after it has already occurred, examining pre-existing differences between groups to explore potential causal or associative relationships. Because the independent variable cannot be manipulated — it happened in the past — the design relies on careful group selection, retrospective data collection, and statistical controls to approximate causal inference without experimental intervention.