So sánh phương pháp

	Mã định danh nhà nghiên cứu ORCID	Chỉ số Altmetrics và Chỉ số ở cấp độ bài báo	Hệ thống định danh đối tượng số
Lĩnh vực	Kỹ năng nghiên cứu	Kỹ năng nghiên cứu	Kỹ năng nghiên cứu
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	2010 (founding); 2012 (launch)	2010 (concept manifesto); 2011 (Altmetric.com platform launch)	1998 (concept); 2001 (widespread adoption)
Người khởi xướng	ORCID Inc., a non-profit founded in 2010 by Liz Haak and others	Jason Priem and the altmetrics community (2010)	Norman Paskin, CrossRef and International DOI Foundation (1998)
Loại	Standard	Tool	Standard
Công trình gốc	Haak, L. L., Fenner, M., Paglione, L., Pentz, E., & Ratner, H. (2012). ORCID: A system to uniquely identify researchers. Learn. Publ., 25(4), 259–264.	Priem, J., Taraborelli, D., Groth, P., & Neylon, C. (2010). Altmetrics: A manifesto. http://altmetrics.org/manifesto/	Paskin, N. (2010). Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, 3rd ed., 1586–1592. ISBN: 978-0-8493-9712-7
Tên gọi khác	ORCID, researcher identifier, ORCID iD	altmetrics, article-level metrics, alternative impact metrics	DOI, Digital Object Identifier, persistent identifier
Liên quan	4	4	4
Tóm tắt	ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID) is a free, unique, persistent 16-digit identifier assigned to researchers that distinguishes them from others with the same or similar names. Launched in 2012 by ORCID Inc., a non-profit organization, the ORCID system addresses a critical problem in scholarly communication: name ambiguity. Millions of researchers worldwide share names (e.g., 'Smith, J.'). Without a unique identifier, citations and publications are difficult to attribute correctly, author H-indices are miscalculated, and researchers are credit for work they did not do. An ORCID iD is free, permanent, and owned by the researcher; it persists regardless of affiliation changes or career transitions.	Altmetrics (alternative metrics) measure the online attention and societal impact of research by tracking mentions in social media (Twitter), news outlets, policy documents, blogs, videos, and other online sources. Introduced formally in 2010 by Jason Priem and colleagues, altmetrics address limitations of citation-based assessment: citation counts accumulate slowly (taking years for impact to register), do not capture policy influence, and are biased toward certain fields (biomedicine receives more citations than social sciences). Altmetric.com, PlumX, and other platforms now provide real-time data on research reach, complementing traditional journal impact factors and H-indices. While altmetrics should not replace peer-reviewed citations for tenure and promotion, they offer valuable insight into public engagement with research.	A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique, persistent alphanumeric code that identifies a scholarly work (journal article, book chapter, dataset, preprint) and persists even if the URL changes. Introduced in 1998 by Norman Paskin and the International DOI Foundation, DOIs are now standard in academic publishing. They consist of a prefix (assigned to a publisher or organization) and a suffix (assigned to an individual work), formatted as 10.XXXX/XXXXX (e.g., 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097). DOIs are registered with international agencies (CrossRef, DataCite, mEDRA) and resolve through the centralized resolver https://doi.org/, ensuring that a DOI will direct users to the correct article regardless of whether the publisher's website changes location.