So sánh phương pháp

	Thang đo Hướng so sánh xã hội Iowa-Hà Lan	Thang đo Mức độ Sử dụng Mạng Xã hội Thụ động
Lĩnh vực	Tâm lý học mạng xã hội	Tâm lý học mạng xã hội
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1999	2018
Người khởi xướng	Frederick X. Gibbons and Bram P. Buunk	Jae-Won Hur (and related work by Verduyn, Valkenburg, and others)
Loại	Self-report	Self-report
Công trình gốc	Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 129–142.	Hur, J.-W. (2018). The impact of using social media on reducing social isolation. The Internet and Higher Education, 38, 21–28.
Tên gọi khác	INCOM, Gibbons-Buunk	PSMUSES, Passive Use
Liên quan	4	4
Tóm tắt	The Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM) is an 11-item self-report scale that assesses individual differences in the tendency to engage in social comparison—comparing oneself to others on abilities, attributes, and outcomes. Developed by Gibbons and Buunk in 1999, it captures both upward comparison (to those perceived as superior) and downward comparison (to those perceived as inferior), providing a trait-like measure of this fundamental social motivation.	The Passive Social Media Use Scale measures the extent to which individuals engage in passive consumption—scrolling, lurking, and observing others' content—versus active participation like posting, commenting, and messaging. Developed to distinguish between active (interactive) and passive (consumptive) social media behaviors, this scale recognizes that passive use patterns are associated with distinct psychological outcomes including reduced wellbeing and increased social comparison.