So sánh phương pháp

	Multilevel Item Response Theory	Lý thuyết Ứng đáp Câu hỏi (IRT)
Lĩnh vực	Education	Trắc lượng tâm lý
Họ	Latent structure	Latent structure
Năm ra đời	2010	1952–1968
Người khởi xướng	Adams, Wilson & Wu; Fox & Glas; De Boeck & Wilson	Frederic M. Lord (and Allan Birnbaum for the 2PL/3PL models)
Loại	Item response models with a multilevel structure on the latent ability	Probabilistic measurement model
Công trình gốc	Fox, J.-P. (2010). Bayesian Item Response Modeling: Theory and Applications. Springer.	Lord, F. M. & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Addison-Wesley.
Tên gọi khác	Multilevel IRT, MLIRT, Hierarchical IRT, Explanatory Item Response Models	IRT, latent trait theory, item characteristic curve theory, modern test theory
Liên quan	4	5
Tóm tắt	Multilevel item response theory (MLIRT) joins two powerful frameworks: an IRT measurement model that turns item responses into a latent ability, and a multilevel structural model that explains how that ability varies across nested groups such as classrooms, schools, or countries. Instead of first scoring a test and then running a multilevel regression on the scores, MLIRT does both at once, so that measurement error in ability is properly carried into the group-level analysis. It is the rigorous way to study how student and school characteristics relate to a latent trait measured by a test.	Item response theory models the probability that a respondent answers an item correctly (or endorses it) as a function of the respondent's latent trait level and the item's own statistical properties — difficulty, discrimination, and guessing. Unlike classical test theory, IRT places persons and items on the same scale, yielding measurement that is sample-independent for items and test-independent for persons.