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| Bảng câu hỏi về Sức bền tinh thần (MTQ48)× | Bảng câu hỏi về Lo âu Trạng thái Cạnh tranh-2 (CSAI-2)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Lĩnh vực | Tâm lý học thể thao | Tâm lý học thể thao |
| Họ | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Năm ra đời≠ | 2002 | 1990 |
| Người khởi xướng≠ | Peter Clough, Keith Earle, David Sewell | Rainer Martens, Robin Vealey, Damon Burton |
| Loại≠ | Self-report mental toughness and resilience questionnaire | Self-report state anxiety questionnaire |
| Công trình gốc≠ | Clough, P. J., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: A definition and measured construct. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 169–187. link ↗ | Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., Burton, D., Bump, L. A., & Smith, D. E. (1990). Development and validation of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. In R. Martens, R. S. Vealey, & D. Burton (Eds.), Competitive Anxiety in Sport (pp. 193–218). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. link ↗ |
| Tên gọi khác≠ | MTQ48, Mental Toughness, 4Cs | CSAI-2, Competitive State Anxiety |
| Liên quan | 4 | 4 |
| Tóm tắt≠ | The MTQ48 is a 48-item instrument measuring mental toughness—the capacity to perform well under pressure, persist through adversity, maintain emotional control, and sustain commitment toward goals. Developed by Clough, Earle, and Sewell in 2002, the MTQ48 operationalizes mental toughness across four dimensions (the '4Cs': Control, Commitment, Challenge, and Confidence) and has become widely adopted in sport psychology, talent development, and organizational psychology for identifying and developing psychological resilience. | The CSAI-2 is a 27-item instrument measuring three dimensions of state anxiety in sport: cognitive anxiety (worry), somatic anxiety (physiological arousal), and self-confidence. Developed by Martens and colleagues in 1990, it has become the gold standard for assessing pre-competition psychological state and is widely used in sport psychology research, coaching, and athlete support. |
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