So sánh phương pháp

	Manifest Content Analysis	Framing Analysis
Lĩnh vực	Communication	Communication
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1952	1993
Người khởi xướng	Bernard Berelson; codified by Klaus Krippendorff	Robert M. Entman (synthesis); roots in Goffman, Tuchman, Gitlin
Loại	Systematic quantitative coding of explicit message content	Interpretive-quantitative analysis of how messages select and emphasize aspects of reality
Công trình gốc	Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9780761915454	Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58.
Tên gọi khác	Quantitative manifest coding, Surface-content analysis, Manifest-level content analysis, Berelson content analysis	Frame analysis, Media framing analysis method, Frame mapping, Çerçeveleme Analizi
Liên quan	5	5
Tóm tắt	Manifest content analysis is a quantitative research technique that systematically counts the explicit, surface-level features of communication messages — words, sources, themes, images, or actors that are directly visible in the text or media artifact — according to a predefined coding scheme. Rooted in Bernard Berelson's classic definition of content analysis as the 'objective, systematic, and quantitative description of the manifest content of communication,' it is one of the foundational empirical methods of mass communication and media research.	Framing analysis is a communication research method for studying how messages select certain aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient — promoting a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation. Building on Robert Entman's influential 1993 synthesis, it moves beyond counting what is present to reconstructing the organizing ideas, or frames, that give media coverage its meaning and persuasive shape.