So sánh phương pháp

	Nghiên cứu Dài hạn	Nghiên cứu Khảo sát	Nghiên cứu xu hướng
Lĩnh vực	Thiết kế nghiên cứu	Thiết kế nghiên cứu	Thiết kế nghiên cứu
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century	Late 19th century; methodologically systematised 1940s–1960s	Mid-20th century (formalised in social science methodology ~1950s–1960s)
Người khởi xướng	No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; systematised by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues at Columbia in the 1940s	Earl Babbie and survey research tradition
Loại	Quantitative (or mixed) observational research design	Quantitative (and mixed) non-experimental design	Quantitative longitudinal research design
Công trình gốc	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922841	Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452259000	Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1452226101
Tên gọi khác	longitudinal study, longitudinal design, prospective longitudinal study, repeated-measures observational study	survey methodology, questionnaire research, survey design, survey study	trend study, trend survey, longitudinal trend study, time-series survey
Liên quan	4	4	4
Tóm tắt	Longitudinal research is an observational design in which the same participants, groups, or units are measured repeatedly over an extended period. Rather than capturing a single snapshot, it tracks change, stability, and temporal sequencing of variables — making it the primary non-experimental strategy for studying development, growth, decline, and the unfolding of causal processes across time.	Survey research is a quantitative (and sometimes mixed-methods) design in which a researcher collects standardised self-report data from a sample drawn from a defined population, using a questionnaire or structured interview. It is the dominant non-experimental strategy for describing population characteristics, estimating prevalence, mapping attitude distributions, and testing bivariate or multivariate associations across social, behavioural, and health sciences.	Trend research is a longitudinal quantitative design that tracks changes in a characteristic of a general population over time by surveying different, independently drawn samples at two or more time points. Unlike panel studies, the same individuals are not followed; rather, each wave draws a fresh sample from the same population, allowing researchers to detect population-level shifts in attitudes, behaviours, or conditions while avoiding the attrition and panel conditioning problems of repeated-measures designs.