So sánh phương pháp

	Nghiên cứu Dài hạn	Nghiên cứu bảng	Nghiên cứu khảo sát tương quan
Lĩnh vực	Thiết kế nghiên cứu	Thiết kế nghiên cứu	Thiết kế nghiên cứu
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century	1970s-1980s (econometric formalization); earlier social survey use from 1940s	Mid-20th century onward (systematised ~1960s–1990s)
Người khởi xướng	No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett	Social science and econometric traditions; systematized by Cheng Hsiao and others from the 1970s-1980s	Established in educational and social science research methodology; systematised by Fraenkel & Wallen and others
Loại	Quantitative (or mixed) observational research design	Quantitative longitudinal observational design	Quantitative non-experimental survey design
Công trình gốc	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922841	Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521522717	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0073525748
Tên gọi khác	longitudinal study, longitudinal design, prospective longitudinal study, repeated-measures observational study	panel study, panel survey, longitudinal panel, repeated-measures panel	correlational survey, associational survey, relationship survey design, relational descriptive survey
Liên quan	4	3	4
Tóm tắt	Longitudinal research is an observational design in which the same participants, groups, or units are measured repeatedly over an extended period. Rather than capturing a single snapshot, it tracks change, stability, and temporal sequencing of variables — making it the primary non-experimental strategy for studying development, growth, decline, and the unfolding of causal processes across time.	Panel research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same individuals, organizations, or other units are measured repeatedly across two or more time points. Unlike cross-sectional surveys that capture a single snapshot, a panel tracks change within units, enabling researchers to separate genuine within-unit change from between-unit differences and to model causal dynamics over time.	Relational survey research is a quantitative, non-experimental design that gathers structured self-report data from a sample and examines the statistical associations among two or more variables. Unlike purely descriptive surveys, which only characterise distributions, relational surveys ask whether and how strongly variables co-vary — providing evidence of relationships without manipulating conditions or establishing causation.