So sánh phương pháp

	Issue Framing Experiment	Political Knowledge Scale
Lĩnh vực	Tâm lý học chính trị	Tâm lý học chính trị
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1997	1993
Người khởi xướng	Thomas Nelson; Dennis Chong & James Druckman	Michael Delli Carpini & Scott Keeter
Loại	Survey/lab experiment	Factual knowledge battery
Công trình gốc	Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., & Oxley, Z. M. (1997). Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. American Political Science Review, 91(3), 567-583.	Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1993). Measuring political knowledge: Putting first things first. American Journal of Political Science, 37(4), 1179-1206.
Tên gọi khác	Framing Effects Experiment, Emphasis Framing Study, Equivalence Framing Experiment	Civic Knowledge Battery, Factual Political Knowledge Index, Delli Carpini-Keeter Knowledge Items
Liên quan	4	4
Tóm tắt	An issue framing experiment manipulates how a political issue is described, emphasizing different considerations, to test how framing shifts opinion. Nelson, Clawson and Oxley's (1997) classic study showed that framing a Klan rally as a free-speech issue versus a public-order issue changed tolerance judgments, and Chong and Druckman (2007) systematized framing theory and the experimental methods used to estimate framing effects.	The Political Knowledge Scale measures the range of factual information about politics that citizens hold and can retrieve, operationalized as a battery of factual quiz items. Delli Carpini and Keeter (1993, 1996) established the canonical short batteries (often five items) and argued that general political knowledge, not domain-specific information, is the most useful and reliable construct for survey research.