So sánh phương pháp

	Intervening Obstacles Analysis	Push-Pull Factor Analysis
Lĩnh vực	Migration Studies	Migration Studies
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1966	1966
Người khởi xướng	Everett S. Lee	Everett S. Lee
Loại	Analytical framework for migration barriers and their selectivity	Conceptual decomposition framework for migration determinants
Công trình gốc	Lee, E. S. (1966). A Theory of Migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57.	Lee, E. S. (1966). A Theory of Migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57.
Tên gọi khác	Migration Barriers Analysis, Obstacle Selectivity Analysis, Lee Intervening Obstacles Framework, Migration Friction Analysis	Push and Pull Framework, Lee's Migration Framework, Origin-Destination Factor Analysis, Plus-Minus Factor Model of Migration
Liên quan	3	3
Tóm tắt	Intervening obstacles analysis isolates and studies the third term in Everett Lee's 1966 theory of migration: the set of barriers that stand between an area of origin and an area of destination and that must be surmounted before any move, however attractive, can take place. Lee distinguished these obstacles — distance, the cost of transport, legal restrictions, borders, and physical frontiers — from the push and pull factors of the places themselves, arguing that they impose a threshold the net attraction must clear. Crucially, obstacles do more than reduce volume: because the ability and willingness to overcome a given barrier vary across individuals, obstacles act as a filter that selects who migrates, shaping the composition of the flow as well as its size. Massey and colleagues' 1993 appraisal situated this barrier logic within migration theory and connected it to policy levers such as border enforcement and visa regimes that deliberately raise obstacles. The analysis proceeds by enumerating and weighting the relevant obstacles, modeling the threshold they create, and assessing the resulting selectivity. It has become especially salient as states use legal and physical barriers to manage international migration.	Push-pull factor analysis is the framework, formalized by Everett Lee in his 1966 article 'A Theory of Migration,' that decomposes every migration decision into four classes of force: factors at the area of origin that repel, factors at the area of destination that attract, a set of intervening obstacles between the two, and personal factors specific to the migrant. Lee argued that each place carries a mix of pluses, minuses, and zeros whose valence differs from person to person, and that migration occurs when the net balance of these forces, discounted by the obstacles and filtered by individual circumstance, favors moving. The framework's enduring appeal is that it organizes the bewildering variety of migration causes into a single comparative logic of origin versus destination. Massey and colleagues' 1993 review placed push-pull within the broader landscape of migration theory, noting both its descriptive power and its lack of a deeper behavioral mechanism. In empirical practice the framework is operationalized by comparing measurable attributes of origin and destination areas and relating their differentials to observed flows. It remains the default conceptual scaffolding for organizing migration determinants in policy and applied research.