So sánh phương pháp

	Phương pháp Biến Công cụ (IV) cho Suy luận Nhân quả	Mô hình phân tích quyết định trong kinh tế y tế
Lĩnh vực	Kinh tế học y tế	Kinh tế học y tế
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1990s (modern applications)	1975
Người khởi xướng	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory	Pauker & Kassirer (medical decision analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital)
Loại	Method	Method
Công trình gốc	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.	Pauker, S. G., & Kassirer, J. P. (1975). Therapeutic Decision Making: A Cost-Benefit Analysis. New England Journal of Medicine, 293(5), 229-234.
Tên gọi khác	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation	decision analysis, decision tree, decision model, health economic model
Liên quan	3	5
Tóm tắt	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.	Decision analytic modeling is a systematic framework for comparing health interventions by integrating evidence on probabilities, outcomes, costs, and patient preferences into a quantitative model. Developed by Pauker and Kassirer in 1975, decision analysis structures clinical uncertainty and economic trade-offs, enabling transparent comparison of treatment options and identification of optimal strategies. Used in health technology assessment, clinical practice guideline development, and resource allocation decisions.