So sánh phương pháp

	Thang đo Hy vọng theo khuynh hướng ở người trưởng thành	Life Orientation Test Revised
Lĩnh vực	Tâm lý học tích cực	Tâm lý học tích cực
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1991	1994
Người khởi xướng	C. Rick Snyder	Michael Scheier and Charles Carver
Loại	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Công trình gốc	Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., ... & Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570–585.	Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing coping strategies from coping styles: A health psychological perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1061–1078.
Tên gọi khác	Hope Scale, Adult Hope Scale	LOT-R
Liên quan	4	4
Tóm tắt	The Adult Dispositional Hope Scale, developed by C. Rick Snyder in 1991, is a 12-item measure assessing hope as a cognitive motivational system composed of two independent dimensions: Agency (the motivation and determination to pursue goals) and Pathways (the ability to generate routes to achieve those goals). Grounded in hope theory, the scale operationalizes hope not as wishful thinking but as an actionable psychological state combining goal-directed determination with flexible problem-solving.	The Life Orientation Test – Revised (LOT-R) is a 10-item measure of dispositional optimism developed by Scheier, Carver, and Bridges in 1994. It assesses the general expectancy that good things (versus bad things) will happen in the future. Optimism, as measured by the LOT-R, predicts coping success, health outcomes, and psychological well-being independent of self-efficacy or other personality factors. The revised version addressed psychometric concerns in the original 1985 LOT, improving clarity and reducing item ambiguity.