So sánh phương pháp

	Ground Stone Analysis	Experimental Archaeology
Lĩnh vực	Khảo cổ học	Khảo cổ học
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	2002	1979
Người khởi xướng	Jenny L. Adams (technological approach to ground stone)	Developed by many; systematized in the later 20th century (e.g. Coles, Schiffer, use-wear analysts)
Loại	Technological and use-wear analysis of ground stone tools	Controlled experimental and actualistic research pipeline
Công trình gốc	Adams, J. L. (2002). Ground Stone Analysis: A Technological Approach. University of Utah Press. ISBN: 9780874807172	Renfrew, C., & Bahn, P. (2016). Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice (7th ed.). Thames & Hudson. ISBN: 9780500292105
Tên gọi khác	Ground Stone Tool Analysis, Grinding Stone Analysis, Macro-Lithic Analysis, Mano and Metate Analysis	Replicative Experimentation, Actualistic Studies, Controlled Archaeological Experiment, Replication Studies
Liên quan	2	2
Tóm tắt	Ground stone analysis is the technological study of stone tools made and used primarily by grinding, pecking, and abrasion rather than by flaking — implements such as manos and metates, querns, mortars and pestles, axes, and polishing stones. Where flaked-stone analysis reads the negative scars of removal, ground stone analysis reads the surfaces themselves, because these tools acquire their form through manufacture techniques like pecking and grinding and acquire wear through the very tasks they performed. Jenny Adams's technological approach reframed ground stone, long treated as a poorly classified residual category, as a coherent class of designed tools whose manufacture, use-wear, and maintenance can be analyzed systematically to recover human behavior. The method characterizes raw-material choice, reconstructs how a tool was shaped and how its working surface was designed, identifies the wear that use produced, and tracks how tools were resharpened and curated over their use-lives. Grounded in experimental replication and use-wear observation, it turns grinding tools into evidence for subsistence, craft, and daily activity.	Experimental archaeology is the controlled replication of past materials, technologies, and behaviors in order to test hypotheses about how the archaeological record was produced. By making stone tools, firing pottery, building and burning structures, butchering with replica implements, or letting bone and refuse decay under monitored conditions, the experimenter generates traces — debitage, use-wear, residues, decay rates — that can be compared with those found archaeologically. The logic is uniformitarian: if a known process reliably produces a particular trace today, the same trace in the record is evidence of that process in the past. Systematized in the later twentieth century by scholars such as John Coles and integrated with behavioral archaeology and use-wear analysis, experimental archaeology is a cornerstone of middle-range research, building the bridging arguments that connect static finds to dynamic behavior.