So sánh phương pháp

	Bản đồ nhận thức mờ (Fuzzy Cognitive Maps - FCM)	Lý thuyết bằng chứng Dempster-Shafer
Lĩnh vực	Tính toán mềm	Tính toán mềm
Họ	Process / pipeline	Machine learning
Năm ra đời	1986	1976
Người khởi xướng	Bart Kosko	Arthur P. Dempster & Glenn Shafer
Loại	Fuzzy causal/feedback network for scenario analysis	Uncertainty calculus for combining evidence
Công trình gốc	Kosko, B. (1986). Fuzzy cognitive maps. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 24(1), 65–75.	Dempster, A. P. (1967). Upper and lower probabilities induced by a multivalued mapping. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 38(2), 325–339.
Tên gọi khác	FCM, Kosko cognitive map, causal cognitive map, bulanık bilişsel haritalar	evidence theory, belief functions, evidential reasoning, Dempster-Shafer kanıt teorisi
Liên quan	4	4
Tóm tắt	A fuzzy cognitive map, introduced by Bart Kosko in 1986, represents a system as a network of concepts connected by signed, weighted causal links, and simulates how the concepts influence one another over time. By combining the intuitive structure of a cognitive map with fuzzy weights and iterative activation, FCMs let experts encode causal knowledge and then run what-if scenarios — making them popular for policy analysis, strategic decision-making, and modelling complex socio-technical systems.	Dempster-Shafer theory is a mathematical framework for reasoning under uncertainty that generalizes Bayesian probability by representing ignorance explicitly. Instead of forcing a single probability on each hypothesis, it assigns belief mass to sets of hypotheses and derives a belief-plausibility interval, and it provides Dempster's rule for fusing evidence from multiple independent sources. Developed from Arthur Dempster's 1967 work and Glenn Shafer's 1976 monograph, it underpins evidential reasoning and sensor/decision fusion.