So sánh phương pháp

	LSTM Tinh chỉnh	Transformer tinh chỉnh
Lĩnh vực	Học sâu	Học sâu
Họ	Machine learning	Machine learning
Năm ra đời	2018 (fine-tuning paradigm formalised); LSTM core: 1997	2017–2019
Người khởi xướng	Howard, J. & Ruder, S. (ULMFiT); foundational LSTM by Hochreiter & Schmidhuber	Vaswani et al. (architecture); fine-tuning paradigm popularised by Howard & Ruder, Devlin et al.
Loại	Supervised sequential model with transfer learning	Transfer learning / supervised fine-tuning
Công trình gốc	Howard, J., & Ruder, S. (2018). Universal Language Model Fine-tuning for Text Classification. Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 328–339.	Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A. N., Kaiser, L., & Polosukhin, I. (2017). Attention is all you need. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 30.
Tên gọi khác	Fine-Tuned LSTM, LSTM Fine-Tuning, Pre-trained LSTM with Task Adaptation, LSTM Transfer Learning	Transformer fine-tuning, pre-trained transformer fine-tuning, task-adaptive transformer, downstream-tuned transformer
Liên quan	6	4
Tóm tắt	Fine-Tuned LSTM adapts a Long Short-Term Memory network pre-trained on a large corpus to a specific downstream task — such as text classification, sentiment analysis, or sequence labeling — by continuing training on task-specific labeled data. Popularised by the ULMFiT framework, this approach achieves strong performance even when labeled data is scarce.	Fine-tuning a Transformer adapts a large pre-trained model — such as BERT, GPT, or ViT — to a specific downstream task by continuing gradient-based training on a labelled target dataset. This two-stage paradigm (pre-train then fine-tune) consistently achieves state-of-the-art results across NLP and computer vision tasks with far less task-specific data than training from scratch.