So sánh phương pháp

	Thang đo Hiệu quả Tự tin khi Ngã Quốc tế (FES-I)	Thang đo mức độ dễ bị tổn thương trên lâm sàng (CFS)	Thang điểm Đánh giá Nguy cơ Tổn thương Do Áp lực Waterlow
Lĩnh vực	Điều dưỡng	Điều dưỡng	Điều dưỡng
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	2005	2005	1985
Người khởi xướng	Lucy Yardley	Kenneth Rockwood	Judy Waterlow
Loại	Patient self-report questionnaire	Clinician-rated frailty assessment	Clinician-rated risk assessment tool
Công trình gốc	Yardley, L., Beyer, N., Eklund, K., et al. (2005). Development and initial validation of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Age Ageing, 34(6), 614-619.	Rockwood, K., Song, X., MacKnight, C., et al. (2005). A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ, 173(5), 489-495.	Waterlow, J. (1985). A risk assessment tool for pressure sores. Nursing Times, 81(48), 49-55.
Tên gọi khác	FES-I, International Falls Efficacy Scale, Falls Self-Efficacy	CFS, Frailty Scale, Clinical Frailty Assessment	Waterlow Scale, Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment, Waterlow Score
Liên quan	3	3	3
Tóm tắt	The Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I), developed by Lucy Yardley and colleagues in 2005, is a validated tool measuring fear of falling and confidence in balance in older adults and others at risk of falls. The 16-item scale assesses how confident a person feels performing daily activities without falling (self-efficacy for fall avoidance). Fear of falling is not anxiety disorder but a rational concern that, if excessive, can lead to activity restriction, deconditioning, and further fall risk. The FES-I is used internationally in clinical practice and research to identify patients at risk for this vicious cycle and guide fall prevention interventions.	The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), developed by Kenneth Rockwood and colleagues in 2005, is a brief, validated tool for assessing frailty in older adults. Frailty—a syndrome of diminished physiologic reserve, increased vulnerability, and reduced functional ability—is recognized as a distinct clinical state that predicts mortality, disability, and healthcare utilization independent of age and comorbidities. The CFS uses a seven-point (or nine-point in later versions) clinical judgment-based scale, making it practical and rapid for bedside use in hospitals, clinics, and long-term care.	The Waterlow Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale, developed by Judy Waterlow in 1985, is a widely used clinical tool in nursing for identifying patients at risk of developing pressure injuries (formerly called pressure ulcers or bedsores). The scale evaluates multiple risk factors including age, mobility, skin condition, weight/body mass index, appetite, and incontinence status, generating a numerical risk score that guides preventive care intensity. It is standard in hospital, long-term care, and community nursing settings across the United Kingdom, Europe, and internationally.