So sánh phương pháp

	Quan sát tham dự trực diện	Nghiên cứu hành động
Lĩnh vực	Phương pháp luận khảo sát	Nghiên cứu định tính
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	Early 20th century (Chicago School ~1920s; Spradley formalisation 1980)	1946
Người khởi xướng	Chicago School sociologists (Robert Park, Ernest Burgess); systematised by Raymond Gold (1958) and James Spradley (1980)	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury
Loại	Qualitative data collection technique	Method
Công trình gốc	Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant Observation. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030445019	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.
Tên gọi khác	in-person participant observation, direct participant observation, fieldwork participant observation, co-present observation	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry
Liên quan	5	1
Tóm tắt	Face-to-face participant observation is a qualitative data collection technique in which the researcher physically enters a setting and engages with participants in real time to document social behaviour, interactions, and meaning-making as they naturally occur. Unlike online or remote variants, the researcher is bodily present, enabling direct sensory access to context, non-verbal cues, and the full texture of everyday life in the setting under study.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.