So sánh phương pháp

	Ghi chép thực địa trực tiếp	Quan sát tham dự trực diện
Lĩnh vực	Phương pháp luận khảo sát	Phương pháp luận khảo sát
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	Early 20th century (Malinowski ~1915–1922); codified by Emerson et al. 1995	Early 20th century (Chicago School ~1920s; Spradley formalisation 1980)
Người khởi xướng	Bronislaw Malinowski (systematic ethnographic fieldwork); Robert Emerson, Rachel Fretz & Linda Shaw (contemporary methodology)	Chicago School sociologists (Robert Park, Ernest Burgess); systematised by Raymond Gold (1958) and James Spradley (1980)
Loại	Qualitative data collection technique	Qualitative data collection technique
Công trình gốc	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813	Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant Observation. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN: 978-0030445019
Tên gọi khác	in-person field notes, observational field notes, ethnographic field notes, fieldwork notes	in-person participant observation, direct participant observation, fieldwork participant observation, co-present observation
Liên quan	6	5
Tóm tắt	Face-to-face field notes are a foundational qualitative data collection technique in which the researcher is physically present in the setting and records observations, interactions, events, and contextual details in written form. As the canonical mode of ethnographic and observational research, in-person field notes capture the social texture, nonverbal cues, spatial arrangements, and moment-to-moment dynamics of real-world settings that remote or mediated data collection cannot fully replicate.	Face-to-face participant observation is a qualitative data collection technique in which the researcher physically enters a setting and engages with participants in real time to document social behaviour, interactions, and meaning-making as they naturally occur. Unlike online or remote variants, the researcher is bodily present, enabling direct sensory access to context, non-verbal cues, and the full texture of everyday life in the setting under study.