So sánh phương pháp

	Nghiên cứu Dân tộc học	Nghiên cứu hành động
Lĩnh vực	Nghiên cứu định tính	Nghiên cứu định tính
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1920s–1970s	1946
Người khởi xướng	Anthropology (Malinowski, Boas); applied in health and sociology (Geertz)	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury
Loại	Method	Method
Công trình gốc	Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. Basic Books.	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.
Tên gọi khác	Ethnography, Participatory Observation, Field Research	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry
Liên quan	4	1
Tóm tắt	Ethnographic research is an immersive qualitative methodology in which researchers spend prolonged time in a community, organization, or social setting, combining participant observation, interviews, and document analysis to develop a rich, contextual understanding of a group's beliefs, practices, and social structures. Grounded in anthropology and refined for health, organizational, and social research, ethnography produces 'thick description' (Geertz 1973) that reveals the meaning and context underlying observable behavior.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.