So sánh phương pháp

	Emotion Appraisal in Politics	Motivated Reasoning Experiment
Lĩnh vực	Tâm lý học chính trị	Tâm lý học chính trị
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	2000	2006
Người khởi xướng	George Marcus, Russell Neuman & Michael MacKuen; Ted Brader	Charles Taber & Milton Lodge
Loại	Survey/lab experiment	Survey/lab experiment
Công trình gốc	Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 9780226504698	Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755-769.
Tên gọi khác	Affective Intelligence Experiment, Political Emotion Appraisal Study, Discrete Emotions Politics Measure	Directional Motivated Reasoning Study, Biased Assimilation Experiment, Disconfirmation Bias Paradigm
Liên quan	4	4
Tóm tắt	Emotion appraisal in politics studies how distinct emotions, anxiety, anger, enthusiasm, and others, arise from cognitive appraisals of political events and in turn shape attention, information seeking, persuasion, and participation. It combines appraisal theory with affective intelligence theory (Marcus, Neuman and MacKuen, 2000) and Brader's (2006) work on emotional campaign appeals, typically measured through experiments and surveys that elicit and analyze discrete emotional responses.	A motivated reasoning experiment tests whether people process political information to reach conclusions they are directionally motivated to hold rather than the most accurate ones. Building on Kunda's (1990) theory and crystallized by Taber and Lodge (2006), these designs expose partisans to attitude-congruent and incongruent arguments and measure biased assimilation, disconfirmation bias, attitude polarization, and selective exposure.