So sánh phương pháp

	Dictionary-Based Text Analysis	Manifest Content Analysis
Lĩnh vực	Communication	Communication
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	2003	1952
Người khởi xướng	Lexicon tradition (Pennebaker LIWC; General Inquirer)	Bernard Berelson; codified by Klaus Krippendorff
Loại	Word-count text measurement against predefined category dictionaries	Systematic quantitative coding of explicit message content
Công trình gốc	Pennebaker, J. W., Mehl, M. R., & Niederhoffer, K. G. (2003). Psychological aspects of natural language use: Our words, our selves. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 547–577.	Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9780761915454
Tên gọi khác	Lexicon-based text analysis, Word-count text analysis, Dictionary method for content analysis, Sözlük Tabanlı Metin Analizi	Quantitative manifest coding, Surface-content analysis, Manifest-level content analysis, Berelson content analysis
Liên quan	4	5
Tóm tắt	Dictionary-based text analysis measures concepts in text by counting how often words belonging to predefined category lists — dictionaries — appear in each document. It is the workhorse lexicon method behind tools like LIWC and the General Inquirer, prized for its transparency and scalability: a category score is simply the share of a document's words that match the category's word list.	Manifest content analysis is a quantitative research technique that systematically counts the explicit, surface-level features of communication messages — words, sources, themes, images, or actors that are directly visible in the text or media artifact — according to a predefined coding scheme. Rooted in Bernard Berelson's classic definition of content analysis as the 'objective, systematic, and quantitative description of the manifest content of communication,' it is one of the foundational empirical methods of mass communication and media research.