So sánh phương pháp

	Confederate Paradigm	Milgram Obedience Paradigm
Lĩnh vực	Tâm lý học xã hội	Tâm lý học xã hội
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1956	1963
Người khởi xướng	Classic social psychology (Asch, Milgram, Latane and others)	Stanley Milgram
Loại	Methodological design using trained accomplices	Experimental paradigm for obedience to authority
Công trình gốc	Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70(9), 1-70.	Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371-378.
Tên gọi khác	Experimental Accomplice Method, Stooge Paradigm, Trained Confederate Design	Obedience to Authority Experiment, Milgram Shock Experiment, Destructive Obedience Paradigm
Liên quan	3	3
Tóm tắt	The confederate paradigm is a foundational methodological design in social psychology in which trained accomplices -- people who appear to be ordinary participants or bystanders but are actually part of the research team -- enact scripted behavior to create controlled social situations. By standardizing what confederates do, researchers can manipulate the social environment with precision while keeping the naive participant convinced the situation is real. Confederates have been the linchpin of many landmark studies: the unanimous wrong majority in Asch's conformity work, the passive bystanders in Latane and Darley's helping experiments, the learner in Milgram's obedience studies, and partners in countless interaction studies. The paradigm allows experimental control over otherwise uncontrollable social stimuli, making it possible to draw causal conclusions about how others' behavior shapes our own.	The Milgram obedience paradigm, devised by Stanley Milgram in the early 1960s, measures the extent to which ordinary people will obey an authority figure's commands to harm another person. A naive participant is assigned the role of teacher and instructed by an experimenter to administer increasingly severe electric shocks to a learner (a confederate) for errors on a memory task, with a switchboard labeled up to 450 volts and ominous warnings. No real shocks are delivered, but the participant believes they are, and the learner's scripted protests escalate to screams, then silence. When participants hesitate, the experimenter issues standardized prods to continue. Milgram found that a majority of participants obeyed to the maximum voltage despite visible distress, a result that overturned assumptions about individual conscience and became one of the most influential and controversial demonstrations in the history of psychology.