So sánh phương pháp

	Thiết kế Solomon bốn nhóm phân cụm ngẫu nhiên	Thiết kế thực nghiệm đo lường trước và sau can thiệp
Lĩnh vực	Thiết kế thí nghiệm	Thiết kế thí nghiệm
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1949 (Solomon design); cluster extension formalized in 1990s	1963 (formalized in Campbell & Stanley)
Người khởi xướng	Richard L. Solomon (four-group logic, 1949); cluster randomization methods developed by Murray and colleagues in the 1990s	Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley
Loại	Experimental design	Experimental / quasi-experimental research design
Công trình gốc	Solomon, R. L. (1949). An extension of control group design. Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 137–150.	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.
Tên gọi khác	CR-S4GD, cluster-randomized four-group design, group-randomized Solomon design, Solomon four-group cluster trial	pretest-posttest design, before-after design, pre-post design, two-wave experimental design
Liên quan	6	5
Tóm tắt	The cluster randomized Solomon four-group design combines cluster randomization — assigning intact groups such as schools, clinics, or communities to conditions — with the Solomon four-group structure that isolates the effect of pretesting. Four clusters (or sets of clusters) are created: two receive the treatment and two serve as controls, with only one treatment cluster and one control cluster receiving a pretest, while the others go straight to the posttest. This structure simultaneously controls for pretest sensitization and the logistical constraint that individual randomization is infeasible.	The pretest-posttest experimental design measures participants on the outcome variable before and after treatment, typically with random assignment to treatment and control groups. The difference between pre- and post-scores isolates the treatment effect from baseline variation, making this one of the most widely used frameworks in experimental and quasi-experimental research across education, psychology, medicine, and the social sciences.