So sánh phương pháp

	Nghiên cứu hành động	Ghi chép Thực địa	Participant Observation
Lĩnh vực	Nghiên cứu định tính	Phương pháp luận khảo sát	Nghiên cứu định tính
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1946	Late 19th century (formalized in 20th century)	1922
Người khởi xướng	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Rooted in 19th-century anthropology and sociology; systematized by ethnographers such as Bronislaw Malinowski and later Robert Emerson et al.	Bronislaw Malinowski
Loại	Method	Qualitative data collection and recording technique	Method
Công trình gốc	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813	Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0465026432
Tên gọi khác	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	fieldnotes, observational notes, ethnographic notes, jottings	ethnographic observation, participatory observation, overt observation, immersive observation
Liên quan	1	6	4
Tóm tắt	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Field notes are detailed written records created by researchers during or immediately after direct observation in a naturalistic setting. They capture what is seen, heard, and experienced — including behaviors, interactions, physical environments, and the researcher's own analytic impressions — forming the primary data source for ethnographic and observational studies.	Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher embeds themselves within a community, organization, or social setting for an extended period, engaging in the activities and relationships of the group while systematically observing and documenting behavior, interactions, and cultural meaning. Pioneered by Malinowski in the 1920s and developed in anthropology, the method has been adopted across sociology, education, health sciences, and organizational research. The researcher functions as both insider (participating in group activities) and outsider (maintaining analytical distance), generating thick description—rich accounts of context, behavior, and meaning that reveal how people actually live and interact.