Порівняння методів

	Expectations Regarding Aging Survey	Tilburg Frailty Indicator
Галузь	Social Gerontology	Social Gerontology
Родина	Latent structure	Latent structure
Рік появи	2002	2010
Автор методу	Catherine A. Sarkisian and colleagues (UCLA)	Robbert J. J. Gobbens and colleagues (Tilburg University)
Тип	Self-report scale of expectations regarding aging	Self-report multidimensional frailty screening questionnaire
Основоположне джерело	Sarkisian, C. A., Hays, R. D., Berry, S., & Mangione, C. M. (2002). Development, Reliability, and Validity of the Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA-38) Survey. The Gerontologist, 42(4), 534-542.	Gobbens, R. J. J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., Luijkx, K. G., Wijnen-Sponselee, M. T., & Schols, J. M. G. A. (2010). The Tilburg Frailty Indicator: Psychometric Properties. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 11(5), 344-355.
Інші назви	ERA-38, ERA-12, Expectations Regarding Aging, Age Expectations Survey	TFI, Tilburg Frailty Index, Integral Frailty Self-Report, Multidimensional Frailty Questionnaire
Пов'язані	3	3
Підсумок	The Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA) Survey measures the degree to which an individual expects physical, mental, and cognitive functioning to decline as a normal and unavoidable part of growing older. Developed by Catherine Sarkisian and colleagues at UCLA, the original 38-item version (ERA-38, 2002) and the widely used 12-item short form (ERA-12, 2005) capture 'age expectations' — a self-perception-of-aging construct that predicts health behaviors and outcomes. Items are answered on a Likert scale and scored into three domain scores (expectations regarding physical health, mental health, and cognitive function) plus a total, conventionally rescaled to 0–100 where higher scores indicate higher (more positive) expectations. Low expectations — believing that decline is inevitable — are associated with less physical activity, lower help-seeking, and worse outcomes, making the ERA a key tool for studying how beliefs about aging shape behavior.	The Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) is a self-report questionnaire that measures frailty in older adults across three domains — physical, psychological, and social. Developed by Robbert Gobbens and colleagues at Tilburg University and published in 2010, it operationalizes an explicit 'integral conceptual model of frailty' in which frailty is a dynamic state arising from losses in one or more functioning domains, itself driven by life-course determinants such as age, sex, multimorbidity, and life events. Part A of the instrument records these determinants; Part B comprises 15 items that sum to a 0–15 frailty score, with a cut point of 5 commonly used to flag frailty. Unlike purely physical phenotypes, the TFI deliberately incorporates psychological (mood, anxiety, coping, cognition) and social (living alone, social relationships, support) components, reflecting the social-gerontological view that frailty is more than a biomedical syndrome.