Порівняння методів

	Аналіз диференційного функціонування елементів (DIF)	Тестування інваріантності вимірювання
Галузь	Психометрія	Психометрія
Родина	Latent structure	Latent structure
Рік появи	1988	2000
Автор методу	Paul W. Holland & Dorothy T. Thayer (Mantel-Haenszel approach, 1988)	Vandenberg & Lance
Тип	Item-level fairness / measurement equivalence analysis	Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis procedure
Основоположне джерело	Holland, P. W. & Thayer, D. T. (1988). Differential Item Performance and the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure. ETS Research Report Series.	Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
Інші назви	Madde Yanlılık Analizi (DIF — Differential Item Functioning), item bias analysis, Mantel-Haenszel DIF, Lord chi-square DIF	Factorial Invariance, Measurement Equivalence, Configural-Metric-Scalar Testing, Ölçüm Değişmezliği
Пов'язані	4	3
Підсумок	Differential Item Functioning analysis examines whether examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — who have the same underlying ability respond differently to a test item. First formalised by Holland and Thayer in 1988 via the Mantel-Haenszel procedure, it is the principal tool in modern test development for detecting and removing item bias.	Measurement invariance testing is a sequence of nested confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models that examines whether a psychological scale measures the same latent construct in the same way across distinct groups or time points. Systematized and popularized by Vandenberg and Lance (2000), the procedure tests a hierarchy of constraints — from identical factor patterns to identical item intercepts — so that researchers can justify meaningful group comparisons on latent means.