Political Cleavage Analysis
Political cleavage analysis explains the structure of party systems by reference to durable social divisions, following Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan's 1967 account of cleavage structures, party systems, and voter alignments. Their argument is that the national and industrial revolutions produced four enduring cleavages — center versus periphery, state versus church, land versus industry, and owner versus worker — and that these divisions, frozen into party systems by the time of mass enfranchisement, continued to organize voter alignments long afterward. A full cleavage, as later refined by Bartolini and Mair, requires more than a social division: it needs a collective identity and an organizational expression that translate the division into politics.
Rekodi ya chanzo
Nukuu zimehamishwa kwa uhalisi kutoka kwa rekodi ya chanzo cha mbinu. Hakuna uthibitisho wa kiwango cha dai unaodokezwa kutoka kwao.
- Lipset, S. M., & Rokkan, S. (1967). Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction. In S. M. Lipset & S. Rokkan (Eds.), Party Systems and Voter Alignments. Free Press. · ISBN 9780029191507
- Bartolini, S., & Mair, P. (1990). Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability: The Stabilisation of European Electorates 1885-1985. Cambridge University Press. · ISBN 9780521363839
Madai yaliyotunzwa
Madai yamehifadhiwa katika daftari la ushahidi, kila moja ikiwa na tathmini yake.
Mwonekano huu haubuni tathmini ya dai wakati daftari haina yoyote.
Mbinu zinazohusiana
Zilizotengenezwa kutoka kwa grafu ya mbinu na kuonyeshwa kama uhusiano uliopendekezwa na mashine — hakuna dai la ushahidi linalodokezwa.