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	Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ)	Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ48)
Ämnesområde	Idrottspsykologi	Idrottspsykologi
Familj	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Ursprungsår	1985	2002
Upphovsperson	Albert Carron, W. Neil Widmeyer, Lawrence Brawley	Peter Clough, Keith Earle, David Sewell
Typ	Self-report team/group cohesion questionnaire	Self-report mental toughness and resilience questionnaire
Ursprungskälla	Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesiveness in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7(3), 244–266.	Clough, P. J., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: A definition and measured construct. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 169–187.
Alias	GEQ, Team Cohesion, Group Cohesion	MTQ48, Mental Toughness, 4Cs
Närliggande	4	4
Sammanfattning	The GEQ is an 18-item instrument measuring team cohesion—the degree to which team members feel attracted to the group and perceive the group as unified around shared task and social goals. Developed by Carron, Widmeyer, and Brawley in 1985, the GEQ has become the gold standard for measuring cohesion in sport teams and is used to predict team performance, member satisfaction, and team retention.	The MTQ48 is a 48-item instrument measuring mental toughness—the capacity to perform well under pressure, persist through adversity, maintain emotional control, and sustain commitment toward goals. Developed by Clough, Earle, and Sewell in 2002, the MTQ48 operationalizes mental toughness across four dimensions (the '4Cs': Control, Commitment, Challenge, and Confidence) and has become widely adopted in sport psychology, talent development, and organizational psychology for identifying and developing psychological resilience.