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	SWAT Model	General Circulation Model	Universal Soil Loss Equation
Ämnesområde	Geofysik	Geofysik	Geofysik
Familj	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Ursprungsår	1998	1975	1978
Upphovsperson	Jeff Arnold and others at USDA-ARS	Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald	Waldo Wischmeier and Dwight Smith
Typ	Process-based watershed and water quality simulation	Deterministic coupled atmosphere-ocean simulation	Empirical soil erosion prediction model
Ursprungskälla	Arnold, J. G., Srinivasan, R., Muttiah, R. S., & Williams, J. R. (1998). Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I: Model development. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 34(1), 73-89.	Manabe, S., & Wetherald, R. T. (1975). The effects of doubling the CO2 concentration on the climate of a general circulation model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 32(1), 3-15.	Wischmeier, W. H., & Smith, D. D. (1978). Predicting rainfall erosion losses: A guide to conservation planning. USDA Agricultural Handbook 537.
Alias	SWAT	GCM, Global Climate Model	USLE, Revised USLE
Närliggande	3	3	3
Sammanfattning	The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a process-based watershed model that simulates the hydrological cycle, sediment transport, nutrient cycling, pesticide fate, and land management impacts across a watershed or large basin. Developed by Jeff Arnold and colleagues at USDA-ARS in 1998, SWAT has become a standard tool for evaluating non-point source pollution, assessing climate change impacts on water resources, and designing best management practices.	A General Circulation Model (GCM), also called a Global Climate Model, is a three-dimensional numerical representation of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, ice, and land surface that simulates physical processes governing weather and climate. Pioneered by Manabe and Wetherald in 1975, GCMs are the primary tools for understanding past climate, projecting future climate change, and investigating climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases and other forcings.	The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is an empirical model that estimates annual soil loss due to sheet and rill erosion on hillslopes caused by rainfall and runoff. Developed by Wischmeier and Smith in 1978 from decades of erosion plot experiments, USLE has become a standard tool for erosion risk assessment, conservation planning, and best management practice design. The Revised USLE (RUSLE) updated the original model with improved factor algorithms.