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	Perceptuell och preferensmappning	Korrespondensanalys	Multidimensionell skalning (MDS)
Ämnesområde	Statistik	Statistik	Statistik
Familj	Latent structure	Latent structure	Latent structure
Ursprungsår	1979	1984	1952–1964
Upphovsperson	John Hauser & Frank Koppelman	Jean-Paul Benzécri; Michael Greenacre	Warren S. Torgerson (metric MDS, 1952); Joseph B. Kruskal (non-metric MDS, 1964)
Typ	Multivariate spatial representation	Exploratory multivariate technique for categorical data	Dimensionality reduction / visualization
Ursprungskälla	Hauser, J. R., & Koppelman, F. S. (1979). Alternative perceptual mapping techniques: Relative accuracy and usefulness. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(4), 495–506.	Greenacre, M. J. (1984). Theory and Applications of Correspondence Analysis. Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0-12-299050-2	Kruskal, J. B. (1964). Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. Psychometrika, 29(1), 1–27.
Alias	Perceptual Mapping, Preference Mapping, Attribute-Based Mapping, Algısal Haritalama	CA, Simple Correspondence Analysis, Reciprocal Averaging, Karşılıklı Uyum Analizi	MDS, metric MDS, non-metric MDS, proximity scaling
Närliggande	3	2	5
Sammanfattning	Perceptual and preference mapping is a family of multivariate techniques that simultaneously positions competing objects—brands, products, or stimuli—and respondent preferences within a common low-dimensional space. Introduced systematically by Hauser and Koppelman (1979), the approach lets researchers visualize how consumers perceive attribute-level similarities among objects and which attributes drive individual or segment-level choice. It is widely used in market research, sensory science, and strategic positioning analysis.	Correspondence Analysis (CA) is an exploratory multivariate technique for visualizing the association structure of a two-way contingency table. Developed systematically by Jean-Paul Benzécri in France during the 1960s–1970s and brought to an English-language audience by Michael Greenacre in 1984, CA decomposes the chi-square statistic of a cross-tabulation to produce a low-dimensional joint display — called a biplot — in which rows and columns are represented as points whose proximities reflect their associations.	Multidimensional scaling maps objects described only by pairwise similarities or dissimilarities into a low-dimensional geometric space so that distances in that space reflect the original proximity structure as faithfully as possible. It is widely used to visualize the hidden structure of psychological, social, and behavioral data.