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	Panel Kernel Density Estimation	Kärntäthetsuppskattning i rumtid (ST-KDE)
Ämnesområde	Rumslig analys	Rumslig analys
Familj	Regression model	Regression model
Ursprungsår	1962 (KDE); panel extension: 1990s–2000s	2010 (space-time extension); 1956 (KDE origin)
Upphovsperson	Parzen (1962); Silverman (1986); extended to panel contexts in spatial econometrics literature	Nakaya & Yano (space-time formulation); KDE foundation by Rosenblatt and Parzen
Typ	Nonparametric density estimation	Non-parametric density estimation
Ursprungskälla	Parzen, E. (1962). On estimation of a probability density function and mode. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 33(3), 1065-1076.	Nakaya, T., & Yano, K. (2010). Visualising crime clusters in a space-time cube: An exploratory data-analysis approach using space-time kernel density estimation and scan statistics. Transactions in GIS, 14(3), 223-239.
Alias	Panel KDE, longitudinal kernel density estimation, repeated-measures KDE, panel nonparametric density estimation	ST-KDE, spatiotemporal kernel density estimation, space-time KDE, 3D kernel density estimation
Närliggande	5	5
Sammanfattning	Panel Kernel Density Estimation (Panel KDE) extends the standard kernel density estimator to panel (longitudinal) data, estimating smooth density surfaces for spatial or attribute variables observed across multiple units and time periods. It reveals how the distribution of a phenomenon shifts, concentrates, or disperses over time and across groups, making it a natural tool for tracking spatial patterns in repeated-measures or panel datasets.	Space-Time Kernel Density Estimation extends classical KDE into three dimensions — two spatial and one temporal — to reveal how the intensity of point events (crimes, accidents, disease cases) varies continuously across both geographic space and time. It produces a smooth probabilistic surface that highlights where and when events concentrate most densely.